Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis associated with foreign body displacement after tooth extraction: report of an unusual case / Sinusite maxilar odontogênica por corpo estranho após extração dentária: relato de um caso incomum

Background: Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by a foreign body presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its infrequent occurrence and unique characteristics compared to sinusitis originating from other sources. CaseReport:Illustrating such fact, this report presents the clinical case of a 37-year-old woman referred complaining of pain in the same region where she had extracted her upper right first molar five days before. The intraoral examination revealed the presence of an orifice in the region, suggesting oroantral communication. Imaging exams revealed opacification of the right maxillary sinus and the unexpected presence of a highly radiodense object. With the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis due to a foreign body established, the surgical approach initially consisted of administering preoperative medication, preceded by access to the maxillary antrum using the Caldwell-Luc technique. The object was found and removed, consisting of a surgical drill. At follow-up there was complete absence of symptoms and complete closure of communication. Conclusion: Cases of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by drill detachment after tooth extraction are fairly uncommon. A thorough clinical evaluation proved to be essential and the Caldwell-Luc access was effective, safe and with good postoperative results, even with the absence of standardized diagnostic and management methods(AU)

Contexto: A sinusite maxilar odontogênica causada por corpo estranho apresenta desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos devido à sua ocorrência infrequente e características únicas em comparação com sinusites originadas de outras fontes. Relato do Caso: Ilustrando tal fato, este relato apresenta o caso clínico de uma mulher de 37 anos de idade encaminhada com queixa de dor em mesma região que havia extraído o primeiro molar superior direito cinco dias antes. Ao exame intraoral verificou-se a presença de um orifício na região, sugerindo comunicação oroantral. Os exames de imagem revelaram opacificação do SM direito e a inesperada presença de um objeto altamente radiodenso. Com o diagnóstico de sinusite maxilar por corpo estranho estabelecido, a abordagem cirúrgica consistiu inicialmente na administração de medicação pré-operatória, precedida pelo acesso ao antro maxilar através da técnica de Caldwell-Luc. O objeto foi encontrado e removido, consistindo em uma broca cirúrgica. Ao acompanhamento houve ausência completa dos sintomas e total fechamento da comunicação. Conclusão: Casos de sinusite maxilar odontogênica causada por descolamento da broca após extração dentária são bastante incomuns. Uma avaliação clínica minuciosa mostrou-se primordial e o acesso de Caldwell-Luc eficaz, seguro e com bons resultados pós-operatórios, mesmo com as ausências de métodos de diagnóstico e manejo padronizados.(AU)

Tratamiento de comunicaciones bucosinusales y buconasales: Reporte de cinco casos de diferente etiología / Treatment of oroantral and oronasal communications: report of five cases with different etiology

Objetivo: Las comunicaciones bucosinusales y buco- nasales son condiciones patológicas que se caracterizan por la presencia de una solución de continuidad entre la cavidad bucal y el seno maxilar o la cavidad nasal respectivamente. Una vez que se ha instalado una comunicación es deseable ce- rrar este defecto, evitando así la infección del seno maxilar y posibles dificultades en la deglución, fonación y masticación. Se han propuesto diferentes tratamientos para su resolución, algunos no quirúrgicos y otros quirúrgicos. Los quirúrgicos pueden realizarse desplazando tejidos locales, regionales o injertando. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar situaciones clínicas de comunicaciones bucosinusales y buco- nasales con diferentes etiologías y sus distintos tratamientos según tamaño y ubicación del defecto. Casos clínicos: Se identificaron pacientes que asistie- ron al Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Piñero presentando cuatro comunicaciones bucosinusales agudas y crónicas y una comunicación buconasal crónica. Los casos analizados fueron tratados de manera quirúrgica utilizando di- versos colgajos según tamaño y ubicación del defecto (AU)

Aim: Oroantral and oronasal communications are patho- logical conditions characterized by the presence of a solu- tion of continuity between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity respectively. Once a communication has been installed, it is desirable to close this defect, thus avoid- ing infection of the maxillary sinus and possible difficulties in swallowing, phonation, and mastication. Different treatments have been proposed for its resolution, some non-surgical and others surgical. Surgical procedures can be performed by dis- placing local or regional tissue or by grafting. The aim of this case report is to present clinical situations of oral sinus and oral nasal communication with different etiologies and their different treatments according to the size and location of the defect. Clinical cases: A group of patients who attended the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of Piñero Hospital presenting four acute and chronic oral sinus and one oronasal communi- cations were identified. The analyzed cases were treated sur- gically using different flaps according to the size and location of the defect (AU)

Comunicaciones oroantrales: actualización y revisión de literatura

Introducción: la Comunicación Oroantral (COA) es el espacio que se crea entre el seno maxilar y la cavidad oral, la cual si no es tratada progresará a una Fístula Oroantral (FOA) o enfermedad sinusal crónica. El factor predisponente más común de una COA es la extracción de los dientes superiores posteriores (generalmente el primer o segundo molares). El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de literatura con énfasis en implicaciones clínicas y las alternativas de tratamiento de una COA por medio de una actualización y revisión de información de interés. Métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión de literatura por medio de una recolección y análisis de bibliografía de las comunicaciones oroantrales y la comparación y alternativas de tratamiento. Discusión: se han propuesto diversas técnicas para el manejo de una COA, entre las cuales se encuentran los colgajos locales, así como el uso de biomateriales, los cuales han dado resultados favorables en el cierre del defecto. Conclusión: el tratamiento de una COA tiene como propósito revenir su avance a una FOA, el desarrollo de sinusitis y/o que el defecto se acrecente; para ello, el clínico debe estar familiarizado con las diversas técnicas con base a la necesidad del paciente.

Introduction: the Oroantral Communication (OAC) is the space that is created between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity, which if not treated will progress to an Oroantral Fistula (OAF) or chronic sinus disease. The most common predisposing factor for a COA is the extraction of the upper posterior teeth (usually the first or second molars). The aim of this study was to carry out a literature review with emphasis on clinical implications and treatment alternatives of a COA through an update and review of information of interest. Methods: a literature review was carried out through a collection and analysis of bibliography of oroantral communications and the comparison and treatment alternatives. Discussion: various techniques have been proposed for the management of an AOC, among which are local flaps, as well as the use of biomaterials, which have given favorable results in closing the defect. Conclusion: the treatment of an AOC has as purpose to prevent its progression to an AFO, the development of sinusitis and/or that the defect increases; To do this, the clinician must be familiar with the various techniques based on the patient's needs.

Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis and Myiasis in Oroantral Communication: Clinicopathological and Tomographic Findings

Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the maxilla presenting with oroantral communication is very rare, herein we report the first case of this condition in association with myiasis. A 50-year-old man reported chronic sinusopathy and a non-healing maxillary lesion, with 30 years of evolution, presenting occasional nasal and intraoral purulent discharge, with foul smell, and recurrent episodes of larvae presence. Cone beam computed tomography showed a large hyperdense image inside the left maxillary sinus, with focal areas with soft tissue density, and extensive discontinuity of the maxillary sinus floor, confirming the oroantral fistula. The necrotic tissue curetted during surgery presented hard consistency, and dark greenish color, and was submitted for histopathological analysis. Microscopically, necrotic bone, masses of filamentous bacteria colonie s, compatible with actinomycosis, and large rhomboidal structures surrounded by eosinophilic capsule - suggestive of larvae, were observed. The diagnosis of actinomycotic osteomyelitis with presence of structures compatible with larvae was established.

La osteomielitis actinomicótica del maxilar que se presenta con comunicación oroantral es poco frequente. En este trabajo reportamos el primer caso de esta condición en asociación con miasis. Un hombre de 50 años que refiere sinusopatía crónica y lesión maxilar que no cicatriza, de 30 años de evolución, presenta secreción ocasional purulenta nasal e intraoral, con mal olor y episodios recurrentes de presencia de larvas. La tomografía computarizada de haz cónico mostró una gran imagen hiperdensa en el interior del seno maxilar izquierdo, con áreas focales con densidad de partes blandas y una extensa discontinuidad del piso del seno maxilar, lo que confirma la fístula oroantral. El tejido necrótico legrado durante la cirugía presentó consistencia dura, coloración verdosa oscura, y fue remitido para análisis histopatológico. Microscópicamente se observó hueso necrótico, masas de colonias de bacterias filamentosas compatibles con actinomicosis y grandes estructuras romboidales rodeadas de cápsula eosinofílica sugestiva de larvas. Se estableció el diagnóstico de osteomielitis actinomicótica con presencia de estructuras compatibles con larvas.

Cloud of cotton inside the maxillary sinus: A unique case report worth sharing

The maxillary sinus is one of the most important structures present in the vicinity of the oral cavity. Unknowingly, it often gets involved when the environment of dentoalveolar structures of the maxillary unit jeopardize. There are lots of reasons such as trauma, forceful extraction which may change the internal environment of the maxillary sinus, and the balance of its microbial flora. Among them, oroantral communication and oroantral fistula cause chronic sinusitis inevitably. However, this case is unique by virtue due to the formation of chronic sinusitis by the intrusion of a foreign body by the patient himself and followed by the formation of an oroantral fistula after the extraction of an offending tooth.

The effectiveness of the two-layered closure of persistent Oroantral Fistula using Buccal Fat Pad and Buccal Advancement Flap.

Background: A prospective clinical study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the two -layered closure of recurrent Oroantral Fistula using Buccal Fat Pad and Buccal Advancement Flap. Materials and methods: Twenty patients with persistent OAFs larger than 5 mm were treated with two layered closure using Buccal Fat Pad and Buccal Advancement Flap. They were followed clinically and radiographically for 5 years after surgery to monitor the durability and effectiveness of the two layered closure of the OAF. Result: The procedure was successful in all patients. The healing process was satisfactory,with no breakdown or liquefaction necrosis postoperatively. No complications were observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The results of this study support the view that the use of the double-layered closure using BFP with buccal advancement flap is a durable, convenient, and effective method for the treatment of a persistent large OAF.

Manejo cirúrgico combinado de comunicação buco-sinusal e reconstrução de tábua óssea vestibular usando fibrina rica em plaquetas e leucócitos / Combined surgical management of oroantral communication and buccal bone plate reconstruction using leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin

Introdução: A comunicação buco-sinusal é tida como uma comunicação entre a cavidade bucal e o seio maxilar, cuja qual possui variadas etiologias, sendo a mais comum a extração de dentes posteriores superiores, pela proximidade de seus ápices radiculares com o assoalho do seio maxilar. O diagnóstico é obtido a partir da combinação de anamnese, exame físico e exames imaginológicos, podendo ser por meio de radiografias ou tomografia. Há diversas abordagens para o tratamento, incluindo o uso de membranas de Fibrina Rica em Plaqueta e Leucócitos para obstrução local da comunicação. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar e discutir o emprego de membrana de Fibrina Rica em Plaqueta e Leucócitos para manejo de uma comunicação buco-sinusal associado à reconstrução de tábua óssea vestibular com Stick Bone. Relato de caso: Mulher, 61 anos, compareceu ao atendimento odontológico relatando incômodo na região do dente 16 e história de extração do mesmo há cerca de 8 meses. Ao exame intra-oral, observou-se a presença área hiperemiada no alvéolo da região da extração e, ao exame tomográfico, foi observada solução de continuidade no assoalho do seio maxilar, sugerindo comunicação buco-sinusal associado à perda de tábua óssea vestibular local. Considerações Finais: Portanto, o uso destas membranas são adequados para obstrução destas comunicações, sendo um plugue adequado devido às suas propriedades adesivas na área de perfuração, não estar vinculado a nenhuma reação imunológica, preparação fácil e rápida, altamente biocompatível, baixo custo, prevenção da profundidade do sulco vestibular e não apresentar nenhum risco de infecção... (AU)

Introduction: The oroantral communication is a communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus, which has different etiologies, being the most common the extraction of upper posterior teeth, due to the proximity of their root apexes to the floor of the maxillary sinus. Diagnosis is obtained from a combination of anamnesis, physical examination and imaging exams, which may be through radiographs or tomography. There are several approaches to treatment, including the use of Leukocyte- and Platelet-RichFibrin membranes for local obstruction of communication. The aim of this work is to report and discuss the use of a Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin membrane for the management of oroantral communication associated with the reconstruction of the buccal bone plate with Stick Bone. Case report: A 61-year-old woman reported discomfort in the region of right maxillary first molar and a history of extraction of the same for about 8 months. The intraoral evaluation revealed the presence of a hyperemic area in the alveolus of the extraction region, and the tomographic examination revealed an oroantral communication associated with loss of local vestibular bone plate. Final considerations: Therefore, the use of these membranes are suitable for obstructing these communications, being a propper plug due to its adhesive properties in the perforation area, not being associated to any immunological reaction, easy and fast preparation, highly biocompatible, low cost, prevention of the depth of the vestibular sulcus and do not present any risk of infection... (AU)

Sinusitis maxilar iatrogénica por material de impresión dental / Iatrogenic maxillary sinusitis by dental impression material

Introducción: La etiología de la sinusitis maxilar comprende diferentes causas primarias y secundarias. Siempre es preciso descartar de inicio aquellas causas iatrogénicas consecuencia de intervenciones previas. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión de las diferentes causas de sinusitis maxilar, con énfasis en las causas raras iatrogénicas y en el protocolo de actuación. Presentación del caso: Paciente varón de 60 años que presenta episodios de sinusitis maxilar. Como antecedentes quirúrgicos se había realizado quistectomía maxilar, tratamiento de fístula oroantral secundaria y rehabilitación protésica posterior. Tras estudio radiológico inicial se halló una masa intrasinusal, compatible al tacto con material de impresión dental. Conclusiones: Es importante antes de cualquier rehabilitación protésica y de la toma de modelos confirmar la ausencia de fístula oroantral para evitar la intrusión de material extraño en el seno maxilar(AU)

Introduction: The etiology of maxillary sinusitis comprises a number of primary and secondary causes. It is always necessary to initially rule out iatrogenic causes resulting from previous interventions. Objective: Carry out a review of the different causes of maxillary sinusitis, with an emphasis on the rare iatrogenic causes and the clinical management protocols. Case presentation: A male 60-year-old patient who experiences episodes of maxillary sinusitis. Surgical antecedents include maxillary cystectomy, treatment for secondary oroantral fistula and posterior prosthetic rehabilitation. Initial radiological examination revealed an intrasinus mass compatible to the touch with dental impression material. Conclusions: Before any sort of prosthetic rehabilitation and the taking of models, it is important to confirm the absence of an oroantral fistula, to prevent the entrance of foreign material into the maxillary sinus(AU)

Fechamento de comunicação oro-antral utilizando corpo adiposo da bochecha: relato de caso em paciente idoso / Closure of oro-antral communication using buccal adipose body: case report in elderly patient

Oroantral communication (OAC) is characterized by formation of direct access between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. This access can be lined by epithelium overtime, being called oroantral fistula (OAF). Its etiology is varied; however, it is usually associated with surgical procedures in the posterior re gion of the maxilla. Diagnosis is made through clinical and imaging evaluation. The treatment involves different surgical techniques, such as use of vestibular or palatal surgical flaps, nasal septum cartilage and, more commonly, buccal adipose body. The aim of this study was to describe therapeutic approach in a case of OAF, resulted from a dental implant complication, in a 65-year-old male patient. Fistulec tomy was performed and communication was closed by advancement buccal fat pad. The patient is in complete regression of the lesion and has no recurrences... (AU)

A comunicação oro-antral (COA) é caracterizada pela formação de acesso direto entre a cavidade bucal e o seio maxilar. Com o decorrer do tempo, esse acesso passa a ser revestido por epitélio, sendo chamado de fístula oro-antral (FOA). Sua etiologia é variada, no entanto, está geralmente associada a procedimentos cirúrgicos na região posterior de maxila. O diagnóstico é realizado através do exame clínico e imaginológico. O tratamento envolve diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas, como uso de retalhos cirúrgicos vestibulares ou palatinos, cartilagem do septo nasal e, mais comumente, o corpo adiposo da bochecha. O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever a conduta terapêutica frente a um caso de FOA, decorrente de complicação de implante dentário, em um paciente do sexo masculino de 65 anos. Foi realizada fistulectomia e fechamento da comunicação mediante avanço da bola de Bichat. O paciente encontra-se com total regressão da lesão e sem recidivas... (AU)

Uso de bolsa adiposa de Bichat pediculada como recurso para el cierre de comunicaciones y fístulas bucoantrales: informe de caso / Use of pedicle Bichat fat pad as a resource for the closure of communications and oroantral fistulas: case report

Resumen Introducción: El uso de un colgajo de bolsa adiposa de Bichat en el cierre de comunicaciones buco sinusales y defectos óseos maxilares ha sido reportada en varios estudios con resultados positivos, al ser una técnica sencilla y bien tolerada, gracias a su riqueza vascular, volumen y versatilidad, mostrando una baja tasa de complicaciones. Objetivo: Reportar el caso clínico de un paciente que acudió a la clínica universitaria de la Universidad UTE con una comunicación buco sinusal y el tratamiento quirúrgico a través de un colgajo pediculado de la bolsa adiposa de Bichat, como alternativa satisfactoria en el cierre de la comunicación y corrección de los defectos óseos intraorales. Metodología: Se obtuvo un colgajo mucoperiostico trapezoidal de avance recto hasta el margen palatino, fue ejecutada una fistulectomía, y mediante una incisión horizontal se conseguió la exposición de la bolsa adiposa para obtener tejido suficiente para cerrar la comunicación. Conclusiones: El uso de un colgajo de bolsa adiposa de Bichat gracias a su riqueza vascular, volumen, versatilidad y capacidad para realizar una metaplasia a tejido epitelial, por la presencia de células madre, es muy confiable.

Abstract Introduction: The use of buccal fat pad flap in closure of oroantral communications and maxillary bone defects has been reported in several studies with positive results, being a simple and well-tolerated technique, thanks to its vascular richness, volume and versatility, showing a lower complication rate. Objective: Report the clinical case of a patient who went to university clinic of Universidad UTE with a sinus oral communication and surgical treatment through a pedicle flap of buccal fat pad, as a satisfactory alternative in the closure of the communication and correction of intraoral bone defects. Methods: A mucoperiosteal trapezoidal flap was made to reach the palatal margin, a fistulectomy was also performed, and using a horizontal incision the buccal fat pad was exposed in order to obtain enough tissue to close the oroantral communications. Conclusions: The use of the flap technique in the buccal fat pad seems reliable thanks to its vascular characteristics, volume, versatility and capacity to experience an epithelial metaplasia because of the presence of stem cells.

Closure of oroantral fistula: a review of local flap techniques

Oroantral fistula (OAF), also termed oroantral communication, is an abnormal condition in which there is a communicating tract between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity. The most common causes of this pathological communication are known to be dental implant surgery and extraction of posterior maxillary teeth. The purpose of this article is to describe OAF; introduce the approach algorithm for the treatment of OAF; and review the fundamental surgical techniques for fistula closure with their advantages and disadvantages. The author included a thorough review of the previous studies acquired from the PubMed database. Based on this review, this article presents cases of OAF patients treated with buccal flap, buccal fat pad (BFP), and palatal rotational flap techniques.

Utilização de corpo adiposo bucal em comunicação oroantral / Use of body adiposo body in oroantral communication

Introdução: A comunicação oroantral tem como principais causas etiológicas os processos patológicos, traumatismos e cirurgias, sendo comum sua ocorrência durante exodontias de elementos dentários superiores posteriores devido ao íntimo contato dos ápices radiculares com o assoalho do seio maxilar. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, com 51 anos de idade, apresentando comunicação oroantral há 6 anos após exodontia do elemento dental 16. Realizado fechamento da comunicação oroantral sob anestesia local, com tracionamento e sutura da bola de Bichat sobre a falha óssea. Após um ano de proservação, observamos a ausência de comunicação bucosinusal bem como de sintomatologia, resultando no sucesso do tratamento. Considerações Finais: A utilização do retalho pediculado do corpo adiposo bucal é uma alternativa útil para o fechamento e tratamento de comunicações bucosinusais, sendo que o deslizamento da bola de Bichat é um método seguro para fechamento de tais comunicações e que esta é uma técnica de simples execução, com poucas complicações e limitações... (AU)

Introduction: The oroantral communication has as main etiological causes the pathological processes, traumatisms and surgeries. Its occurrence during the exodontia of posterior superior dental elements is due to the intimate contact of the root apices with the floor of the maxillary sinus. Case report: A 51-year-old female patient, presenting oroantral communication 6 years ago after the dental element 16 was extubated. The oroantral communication was closed under local anesthesia with Bichat's ball traction and suture on the bone defect. After 1 year of proservation, we observed the absence of oral communication, as well as symptomatology, resulting in the success of the treatment. Final considerations: It is concluded that the use of the pedicle flap of the buccal adipose body is a useful alternative for the closure and treatment of buco sinusal communications, and the sliding of the bichat ball is a safe method for closing such communications and that this is a technique of simple execution, with few complications and limitations... (AU)

Principios fundamentales para el tratamiento de las comunicaciones bucosinusales: presentación de cuatro casos clínicos / Basic principles for surgical treatment of oroantral communications: report of four clinical cases

Objetivo: Presentar cuatro situaciones clínicas de comunicaciones bucosinusales crónicas que fueron resueltas mediante tres técnicas quirúrgicas diferentes con un mismo protocolo, que consta de tres principios fundamentales. Primero, el seno maxilar se debe encontrar libre de infección, permeable y funcional. Segundo, el cierre debe realizarse en dos planos, debido a las diferentes características histológicas de las cavidades. Tercero, el colgajo de cierre debe ser bien vascularizado y estar libre de tensión. Casos clínicos: Se trataron cuatro casos de comunicaciones bucosinusales crónicas siguiendo los tres principios fundamentales, para lo cual se utilizaron tres técnicas quirúrgicas diferentes: colgajo de avance vestibular, bola adiposa de Bichat y raqueta palatina. Todos los casos evolucionaron de manera favorable y sin recurrencia. Conclusión: A pesar de que en la literatura ha sido descripta una gran cantidad de técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de las comunicaciones bucosinusales crónicas, concluimos que el éxito del cierre dependería de los principios fundamentales previamente enumerados y de la correcta selección del colgajo para cada caso clínico (AU)

Aim: To analyze four clinical cases of chronical oroantral communications that were treated with three different surgical techniques, using a unique protocol following three principles: the maxillary sinus must be free of infection, permeable and functional; the closure must be double layered (due to the different histological characteristics of the cavities); the closing flap must be well vascularized and free of tension. Cases report: Four oroantral fistulas were treated following the three basic principles, three different surgical techniques were used: a buccal flap, a palatal flap and a buccal fat pad. All surgical wounds healed uneventfully and without recurrence. Conclusion: Despite the wide range of techniques proposed in the literature, we conclude that the success of the closure of the oroantral fistulas showed to depend on the principles previously stated and the correct selection of the flap for each clinical situation (AU)

Oroantral fistula after a zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures account for a substantial proportion of trauma cases. The most frequent complications of maxillofacial fracture treatment are infections and soft tissue flap dehiscence. Postoperative infections nearly always resolve in response to oral antibiotics and local wound care. However, a significant infection can cause a permanent fistula. A 52-year-old man visited our clinic to treat an oroantral fistula (OAF), which was a late complication of a ZMC fracture. Postoperatively, the oral suture site dehisced, exposing the absorbable plate. However, he did not seek treatment. After 5 years, an OAF formed with a 2.0× 2.0 cm bony defect on the left maxilla. We completely excised the OAF, harvested a piece of corticocancellous bone from the iliac crest, inserted the harvested bone into the defect, and covered the soft tissue defect with a buccal mucosal transposition flap. Although it is necessary to excise OAFs, the failure rate is higher for large OAFs (> 5 mm in diameter) because of the extensive defect in the underlying bone that supports the overlying flap. Inappropriate management of postoperative wounds after a ZMC fracture can lead to disastrous outcomes, as in this case. Therefore, proper postoperative treatment and follow-up are essential.

Reconstruction of large oroantral defects using a pedicled buccal fat pad / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Oroantral communicating defects, characterized by a connection between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity, are often induced by tooth extraction, removal of cysts and benign tumors, and resection of malignant tumors. The surgical defect may develop into an oroantral fistula, with resultant patient discomfort and chronic maxillary sinusitis. Small defects may close spontaneously; however, large oroantral defects generally require reconstruction. These large defects can be reconstructed with skin grafts and vascularized free flaps with or without bone graft. However, such surgical techniques are complex and technically difficult. A buccal fat pad is an effective, reliable, and straightforward material for reconstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: This report describes three cases of reconstruction of large oroantral defects, all of which were covered by a pedicled buccal fat pad. Follow-up photography and radiologic imaging showed successful closure of the oroantral defects. Furthermore, there were no operative site complications, and no patient reported postsurgical discomfort. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of the pedicled buccal fat pad is a reliable, safe, and successful method for the reconstruction of large oroantral defects.

Pólipos bucales como complicación de una fractura de la tuberosidad / Oral polyps as a complication of a tuberosity fracture

Introducción: la importancia de los senos maxilares se vuelve más clara cuando se entiende que los dientes son responsables del 10 al 12 por ciento de las sinusitis maxilares. Objetivo: caracterizar un caso de pólipos bucales como complicación de una fractura de la tuberosidad. Presentación del caso: se valora una paciente femenina de 62 años que refiere tener una bolita en la boca desde hace 3 semanas, que le ha ido en aumento. Al examen físico bucal encontramos un aumento de volumen en la región posterior maxilar izquierda. Al profundizar en el interrogatorio la paciente refiere que le realizaron una extracción de un molar en el área del aumento de volumen 6 meses atrás, que salió con un fragmento de hueso y que sentía que se le salía el aire, por lo que le suturaron en ese momento. Indicamos medios auxiliares de diagnóstico. Se llegó al diagnóstico de que se trataba el aumento de volumen de pólipos sinusales en una fístula bucoantral como complicación de una fractura de la tuberosidad antigua. Se decidió realizar tratamiento mediante la indicación de antimicrobiano, gotas nasales, inhalaciones, y la realización una técnica de Caldwell Luc, con eliminación de los pólipos presentes, más fistulectomía y cierre mediante colgajo vestibular deslizante. Se tomó muestra para biopsia que informó la presencia de una sinusitis crónica polipoide. Conclusiones: la cirugía bucal es de imprescindible conocimiento para todos los profesionales de la rama estomatológica. El caso presentado de pólipos bucales en una fístula bucoantral como complicación de una fractura de la tuberosidad, de infrecuente presentación en la clínica, contribuye a resaltar la importancia de realizar un correcto interrogatorio para determinar las herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas a emplear(AU)

Introduction: the importance of the maxillary sinuses becomes clearer when it is understood that the teeth are responsible for 10 to 12 percent of the cases of maxillary sinusitis. Objective: present a case of oral polyps as a complication of a tuberosity fracture. Case presentation: a 62-year-old female patient attends consultation with a lump in her mouth which she has had for three weeks, during which time it has grown larger. Physical examination reveals a growth in the left posterior maxillary region. During interrogation the patient explained that six months before she was removed a molar from the area of increased volume. The molar had come out with a bone fragment, and she had felt air escaping through the opening, so they sutured right away. We indicated auxiliary diagnostic means. Diagnosis was an increase in the volume of paranasal polyps in an oroantral fistula as a complication of a fracture of the former tuberosity. The treatment indicated was an antimicrobial, nose drops, vaporizations, and performance of a Caldwell Luc technique with removal of the polyps, plus fistulectomy and closure by sliding vestibular flap. A sample was taken for biopsy, which revealed the presence of chronic polypoid sinusitis. Conclusions: training in oral surgery is essential for all dental professionals. The case presented of oral polyps in an oroantral fistula as a complication of a tuberosity fracture, of infrequent clinical presentation, contributes to highlight the importance of proper interrogation to determine the diagnostic and therapeutic tools to be used(AU)

Cierre de fístula oroantral con injerto de hueso vómer / Oroantral fistula with vomer bone graft clouser

Presentamos un caso de fístula oroantral y rinosinusitis maxilar, resuelto por abordaje combinado endoscópico, nasal e intraoral en el cual se utilizó colgajo de mucosa palatina y hueso vómer para el cierre de la misma. Describimos el caso de una paciente femenina de 66 años de edad, que consultó por presentar cacosmia, algia facial izquierda y rinorrea posterior purulenta, 3 semanas posterior a extracción de segundo molar superior izquierdo, la tomograffa axial computarizada (TC) de senos paranasales evidenció velamiento total maxilar izquierdo, parcial etmoidal izquierdo y defecto óseo en reborde alveolar superior izquierdo. Se realizó toma de fragmento de hueso vómer. Seguidamente abordaje de cavidad antral izquierda por vía endoscópica; e intraoral, se concluyó disección, cierre óseo y mucoso de la fístula.

We report a case of an oroantral fistula and maxillary rhinosinusitis, that was resolved by combined approach, in which palatal mucosa flap and vomer bone was used for its closure. We describe the case of a female patient of 66 years old, who consulted for having cacosmia, left facial pain and purulent rhinorrhea, after left second molar extraction. CT-scan sinus showed the total left maxillary sinus, partial left ethmoid opacity and bone defect in left alveolar ridge. A vomer bone graft was taken from the nasal septum; left maxillary sinus surgerywas done by endoscopic approach and intraoral closure of bony and mucosa fístula was concluded.

Perfuração e reparo da membrana do seio maxilar após extração dentária: resolução cirúrgica e implantar em etapas. Relato de caso com três anos de acompanhamento / Perforation and repair of the maxillary sinus membrane after dental extraction: surgical resolution and implant in stages. Case report with three years of monitoring

O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar um caso clínico no qual o levantamento do seio maxilar foi realizado em uma região com comunicação bucosinusal prévia decorrente da extração dos elementos 16 e 17. A comunicação bucosinusal foi fechada por um retalho mucoperiosteal no mesmo ato cirúrgico das exodontias. Após seis meses de cicatrização, o levantamento do seio maxilar foi associado ao enxerto ósseo bovino (Bio-Oss) e membrana reabsorvível (Bio-Guide). Depois de mais nove meses de cicatrização, dois implantes foram instalados pela técnica convencional, tendo perfeito travamento. As próteses foram confeccionadas após seis meses de osseointegração. A paciente foi acompanhada trimestralmente no primeiro ano e depois semestralmente. Passados três anos do término do tratamento, a paciente mostra-se satisfeita com os resultados. O protocolo apresentado neste caso para resolução da comunicação bucosinusal pós-extração dentária mostrou-se efetivo. Entretanto, o clínico deve considerar outras alternativas cirúrgicas, já que nem todas as perfurações apresentam as mesmas dimensões.

The objective of this report was to present a clinical case in which the maxillary sinus lifting was performed in a region with previous bucosinusal communication due to the extraction of elements 16 and 17. The bucosinusal communication was closed by a mucoperiosteal flap in the same surgical procedure of the exodontia. After six months of healing, maxillary sinus lift was associated with bovine bone graft (Bio-Oss) and reabsorbable membrane (Bio-Guide). After another nine months of healing, two implants were installed by the conventional technique, having perfect locking. The prostheses were made after six months of osseointegration. The patient was followed quarterly in the first year and then in the semiannual period. Three years after the end of treatment, the patient is satisfied with the results. The protocol presented in this case for resolution of oral buccal communication after dental extraction was effective. However, the clinician should consider other surgical alternatives, since not all perforations have the same dimensions.

Uso do corpo adiposo da bochecha para fechamento de comunicações oroantrais / Use of buccal fat pad for closure of oroantral communications

Comunicação oroantral (COA) é a condição patológica caracterizada por solução de continuidade entre a cavidade oral e o seio maxilar. Diversas técnicas já foram propostas para a resolução destas comunicações, entre elas o uso corpo adiposo da bochecha (CAB). Desta forma, o objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a literatura a respeito da técnica que utiliza o CAB para casos de COA, ressaltando aspectos clínicos de importância. Para isso, realizou-se busca na base de dados PubMed, selecionando artigos completos em idioma inglês e publicados a partir do ano de 2010. De acordo com as informações presentes na literatura, não existem evidências suficientes para afirmar que o uso do CAB é superior às outras técnicas, apesar de apresentar poucas complicações trans e pós-operatórias e ser considerado seguro e simples. É nítido que a técnica apresenta altas taxas de sucesso quando bem indicada, porém estudos mais bem delineados são necessários. A preferência e a experiência do cirurgião ainda são fatores decisivos na seleção da técnica para fechamento de COA(AU)

Oroantral communication (OAC) is the pathological condition characterized by a solution of continuity between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. Several techniques have already been proposed for treatment of these communications, such as the use of buccal fat pad (BFP). This, the objective of this article is to review literature on the technique which uses the BFP for OAC cases, highlighting important clinical aspects. For this, a search was conducted on PubMed database, including only full articles in English language and published from 2010 onwards. According to data from literature, there is not sufficient evidence to state that the BFP technique is better than others, although it presents few transand postoperative complications and be considered safe and simple. It is clear that BFP technique has high success rates when well indicated, but further studies are really necessary. The preference and experience of surgeons are still decisive factors to choose the best technique for the closure of OAC(AU)

Uso de bolsa adiposa de Bichat pediculada como recurso para el cierre de comunicaciones y fístulas bucoantrales: informe de caso

Introducción: El uso de un colgajo de bolsa adiposa de Bichat en el cierre de comunicaciones buco sinusales y defectos óseos maxilares ha sido reportada en varios estudios con resultados positivos, al ser una técnica sencilla y bien tolerada, gracias a su riqueza vascular, volumen y versatilidad, mostrando una baja tasa de complicaciones. Objetivo: Reportar el caso clínico de un paciente que acudió a la clínica universitaria de la Universidad UTE con una comunicación buco sinusal y el tratamiento quirúrgico a través de un colgajo pediculado de la bolsa adiposa de Bichat, como alternativa satisfactoria en el cierre de la comunicación y corrección de los defectos óseos intraorales. Metodología: Se obtuvo un colgajo mucoperiostico trapezoidal de avance recto hasta el margen palatino, fue ejecutada una fistulectomía, y mediante una incisión horizontal se conseguió la exposición de la bolsa adiposa para obtener tejido suficiente para cerrar la comunicación. Conclusiones: El uso de un colgajo de bolsa adiposa de Bichat gracias a su riqueza vascular, volumen, versatilidad y capacidad para realizar una metaplasia a tejido epitelial, por la presencia de células madre, es muy confiable.

Introduction: The use of buccal fat pad flap in closure of oroantral communications and maxillary bone defects has been reported in several studies with positive results, being a simple and well-tolerated technique, thanks to its vascular richness, volume and versatility, showing a lower complication rate. Objective: Report the clinical case of a patient who went to university clinic of Universidad UTE with a sinus oral communication and surgical treatment through a pedicle flap of buccal fat pad, as a satisfactory alternative in the closure of the communication and correction of intraoral bone defects. Methods: A mucoperiosteal trapezoidal flap was made to reach the palatal margin, a fistulectomy was also performed, and using a horizontal incision the buccal fat pad was exposed in order to obtain enough tissue to close the oroantral communications. Conclusions: The use of the flap technique in the buccal fat pad seems reliable thanks to its vascular characteristics, volume, versatility and capacity to experience an epithelial metaplasia because of the presence of stem cells.